Non-Human Primates Individual Serological Assays

Test Code
6029

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
This Toxoplasma IgM ELISA is to detect Toxoplasma gondii IgM-specific antibody for clinical identification of toxoplasmosis.

Test Code
6028

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
This Toxoplasma IgG ELISA is to detect Toxoplasma gondii IgG-specific antibody for clinical identification of toxoplasmosis.

Test Code
130

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
SV40 (vacuolating virus, papovavirus) is common to rhesus macaques where it has been associated with a progressive multifocal leuco-encephalopathy. SV40 has also been noted for producing tumors in rodents and transforming cells in culture. It has caused great concern as a contaminant in human vaccines prepared in monkey kidney cultures. There is some evidence that SV40 is associated with human cancer.

Test Code
129

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
SV5 is antigenically related to parainfluenza type 2. It has commonly been associated with rhesus macaques where it has caused problems by infecting primary monkey kidney cell cultures from infected animals. There is a possibility this is a human parainfluenza strain that has been transmitted to monkeys.

Test Code
118

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
STLV-1 has been associated with lymphocytic neoplasia in gorillas, African green monkeys, baboons and several species of macaques. STLV-1 is antigenically closely related to the human virus HTLV-1. Although some macaque colonies have a rather high incidence of STLV-1 antibody, the occurrence of leukemias in these colonies is rare or non-existent.

Test Code
109

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
The squirrel monkey CMV was isolated from the salivary gland. Most adult squirrel monkeys and other New World monkeys have antibody to this squirrel monkey CMV. There has been no reported clinical disease due to this virus.

Test Code
111

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Strains of simian varicella virus (SVV) have been involved in outbreaks of a varicella-like disease in African green, Patas and macaque monkeys. This virus is antigenically related to the human varicella virus.

Test Code
1110

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
These type D retroviruses are noted for causing immunosuppression in infected macaques, leading to the development of opportunistic infections by other viruses, such as CMV and adenoviruses, as well as bacteria. These secondary infections are frequently fatal. There are currently 5 recognized types of macaque type D retroviruses (SRV1, 2, 3, 4, 5). As a group they all share a common group specific antigen. It should be emphasized that the detection of antibody does not preclude the presence of infectious virus in the antibody positive animal. In addition, antibody negative animals can be positive for infectious virus. Therefore, in order to develop an SRV negative colony, it is necessary to periodically screen for antibody and virus (by PCR or virus isolation) with removal of positive animals from the group. This may require one to two years to accomplish. See Lab. Animal Sci. .41: 123-127, 1991.

Test Code
121

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
SIV strains are found in a number of African primate species where they do not appear to cause any clinical disease. Macaque species infected with this virus suffer a fatal immunosuppressive disease. A number of SIV strains have been isolated from different primate species. Although they are distinguishable by molecular techniques, they are all closely related antigenically to each other and to the human viruses HIV-1 and 2. SIV has become a model for development of HIV vaccines. SIV infections of humans have been reported. It is not known if these infections will develop into clinical immunosuppression.

Test Code
134

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Simian hemorrhagic fever (SHF) causes a fatal hemorrhagic disease in macaques. The baboon and patas monkey are believed to be the natural host for this virus.

Test Code
301

Specimen Required
5.0ml Heparinized blood or lymphoid tissue pieces

Comments
SRV and SIV are isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes or lymphoid tissue (spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow). The specimens should be kept cool on an ice pack (-20° C) during transport to the laboratory. It is important that the species of monkey be listed, as the blood from different monkeys requires different methods of processing. Positive cultures are usually seen within 7-10 days, however, the appearance of late cytopathology requires a 30 day incubation period before declaring a specimen negative.

Test Code
103

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
SA8 is found in African green monkeys. It is capable of causing oral and genital lesions, as well as fatal neonatal infections. SA8 cross-reacts with herpesviruses found in other African nonhuman primates, as well as B virus and Herpes simplex 1 and 2. SA8 is not known to cause human infections.

Test Code
107

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
This cytomegalovirus is a common contaminant of African green monkey kidney cell cultures, the source of the original isolation of this virus. However, virus has been isolated from the salivary gland. Most adult African green monkeys have antibody to SA6. No clinical disease has been attributed to this virus. Monkeys are often screened for SA6 antibody to select negative animals for kidney cell culture preparation.

Test Code
139

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Rotaviruses are associated with gastrointestinal disease. SA11 antibody is common in simians. This assay detects antibody to specific and common antigens that are associated with all primate rotavirus strains. Infection of newborns causes diarrhea. Older animals do not show clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease.

Test Code
128

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Although it is not usually the case, RSV can cause life-threatening infections in chimpanzees and other apes. A number of monkey species are susceptible to RSV, however, clinical disease is generally mild.

Test Code
137

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Rabies rarely occurs in captive nonhuman primates. This test is generally used to determine the antibody status of vaccinated animals.

Test Code
249

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
This assay detects poliovirus type 1, 2, 3 antibodies.

Test Code
127

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Parainfluenza virus infections are quite common in nonhuman primates as evidenced by the prevalence of antibody. In general, these viruses produce mild or subclinical respiratory infections. However, neonates may be at increased risk for clinically severe infection.

Test Code
126

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Parainfluenza virus infections are quite common in nonhuman primates as evidenced by the prevalence of antibody. In general, these viruses produce mild or subclinical respiratory infections. However, neonates may be at increased risk for clinically severe infection.

Test Code
125

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Parainfluenza virus infections are quite common in nonhuman primates as evidenced by the prevalence of antibody. In general, these viruses produce mild or subclinical respiratory infections. However, neonates may be at increased risk for clinically severe infection.

Test Code
133

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
A number of monkeypox outbreaks occurred in macaques in the 1960’s, but no reports have appeared since then. The monkeypox virus infects apes, baboons, owl monkeys, squirrel monkeys and marmosets with varying degrees of pathogenicity and fatalities. The virus was also implicated in human infections in Africa.

Test Code
112

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Measles virus is capable of infecting a number of New World and Old World monkeys and apes. Measles can produce a fatal giant cell pneumonia in adult monkeys, and has caused abortions in a high percentage of pregnant females. Tamarins are especially susceptible to measles infection, causing fatal infections. For this reason, vaccination is employed routinely with some monkeys. The presence of IgG antibody will prevent infection.

Test Code
132

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
LCMV, a rodent virus, is associated with a rapidly progressive hepatitis and has been implicated in a number of fatal epizootics in captive marmosets and tamarins.

Test Code
151

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Leptospirosis is caused by infection with the genus Leptospira. Naturally acquired leptospirosis has been reported in a tamarin (Saguinus labiatus), a chimpanzee, squirrel monkeys, baboons (Papio spp.), and Barbary macaques/Barbary apes (Macaca sylvana). Clinical signs include lethargy, icterus, dyspnea, epistaxis, hemorrhage from the mouth, abortion, and death. Rising antibody titers to leptospiral antigen are detected by indirect hemagglutination test for leptospirosis diagnosis.

Test Code
136

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
There are more than 10 different serotypes of foamyviruses found in nonhuman primates, each associated with a particular simian species. A common group specific antigen is shared by those foamyvirus strains that have been tested. Presence of group specific foamyvirus antibody is indicative of foamyvirus infection. These infections usually occur early in life, resulting in a latent infection in peripheral lymphocytes which persists for life and may result in recurrent expression of infectious virus in the buccal cavity. Foamyviruses have not been associated with disease in primates, with the possible exception of a mild immunosuppression. They are most commonly encountered in cultures of tissues from infected animals, where they cause destruction of the cell culture. There is some evidence of human infections with foamyviruses with no evidence of clinical disease.

Test Code
124

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Natural infection of nonhuman primates by influenza virus has been reported as have experimental infections. In general these infections are mild with little or no clinical symptoms occurring.

Test Code
123

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Natural infection of nonhuman primates by influenza virus has been reported as have experimental infections. In general these infections are mild with little or no clinical symptoms occurring.

Test Code
140

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Human Varicella herpesvirus has been shown to infect great apes, producing typical “chickenpox”-like skin lesions.

Test Code
104

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
H. tamarinus is indigenous to the squirrel monkey where it causes oral lesions and latent infections. It causes fatal infections in marmosets, tamarins and owl monkeys, but not Old World monkeys or humans.

Test Code
105

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
H. saimiri is a T-lymphotropic rhadinovirus found in squirrel monkey T-cells. Although it is not known to produce a clinical disease in squirrel monkeys, it does cause a fatal lymphoproliferative disease in marmosets, tamarins and owl monkeys and is able to transform T-lymphocytes to perpetual growth. It has not been shown to infect humans.

Test Code
114

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
HVP-2 is detected in most adult captive baboons, but no data on the presence of HVP-2 in wild baboons yet. HVP-2 can cause oral and genital lesions in baboons similar to those casued by HSV in humans. HVP-2 has ever been isolated from a fatal case in a colobus monkey, indicating this virus may infect primate species other than baboons.

Test Code
102

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
As with HSV-1, HSV-2 can infect a number of nonhuman primates with varying degrees of clinical illness. This virus also cross-reacts with Herpes B virus.

Test Code
101

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
HSV-1 is able to infect many nonhuman primates (such as owl monkeys , gibbons, gorillas, tree shrews and chimpanzees et.al.) with varying degrees of clinical disease. The HSV-1 antibody cross-reacts with B virus.

Test Code
3202

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Although there are reports of HCV antibody positive nonhuman primates, the number of species susceptible to this virus has not been studied in detail. Hepatitis C has been demonstrated in chimpanzees.

Test Code
7024

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Hepatitis B core antibody is found in acute or convalescent sera following recovery and during chronic-carrier infections.

Test Code
2202

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Hepatitis B core antibody is found in acute or convalescent sera following recovery and during chronic-carrier infections.

Test Code
1202

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
In an acute infection, hepatitis B surface antigen is present in serum for several months before antibody appears and the infection resolves. If a chronic-carrier state develops, surface antigen may persist for a lifetime. Chimpanzees are known to be susceptible to hepatitis B infection and in some instances chronic hepatitis has been demonstrated.

Test Code
202

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
Hepatitis B surface antigen antibody arises in the recovery phase of a hepatitis B infection, persists over a long period of time and is useful in a screen for immunity, as well as previous exposure. Hepatitis B can infect apes but is not known to occur in New or Old World monkeys.

Test Code
201

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
HAV IgM antibody appears during the early acute infectious stage of HAV infection and persists through the acute stage (3-6 months) in humans.

Test Code
200

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
This test detects any HAV antibody (IgG, IgM, IgA) and only indicates a previous infection. Chimpanzees, macaques, African greens, baboons, owl monkeys, cebus monkeys and marmosets have all been shown to be susceptible to HAV infection experimentally or by the presence of antibody. HAV isolates from macaques and owl monkeys are closely related to human HAV, but may differ in host pathogenicity.

Test Code
1135

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
The Reston strain of simian filovirus is antigenically related to human EBOLA virus. It causes a fatal hemorrhagic disease in monkeys. Although there is serological evidence that this virus infects humans, it does not appear to cause a clinical disease. This virus originated in the Philippine Islands in contrast to the EBOLA virus, which is found in Africa.

Test Code
131

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
EMCV has infected a number of primate species, including chimpanzees, baboons and squirrel monkeys where a number of deaths occurred. Rodent transmission is believed to be the source of this virus.

Test Code
110

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
EBV, a B-cell lymphotropic gamma herpesvirus, causes infectious mononucleosis in humans and has been shown to infect several species of primates. Nonhuman primates (Chimpanzees, gibbons, orangutans, baboons, and macaques) have been shown to harbor similar B-cell viruses that are antigenically related to EBV. Experimental infection of macaques with their indigenous virus produces an infectious mononucleosis-like disease. Other primate strains have not been studied. EBV antibody positive animals most likely are reflecting infection with their indigenous gamma herpesviruses.

Test Code
106

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
This cytomegalovirus was isolated from the urine of a rhesus monkey. It is used to test for CMV antibody in Asian monkeys. Most adult Asian monkeys have antibody to this virus. There is generally no apparent clinical disease associated with CMV in these monkeys unless they are immunosuppressed by infection with another virus (e.g. SRV) or treatment with drugs.Immunosuppressed animals may develop noma or pneumonia. RhCMV can be isolated from lymphocytes as well as other tissues in these animals.

Test Code
108

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
This cytomegalovirus has been isolated from the throat and urine of normal adult chimpanzees. Most adult chimpanzees have antibody to this virus. No clinical disease has been attributed to chimpanzee CMV.

Test Code
120

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
All of the simian adenoviruses share a common antigen with one another and human adenoviruses. Adenovirus infections are common in nonhuman primates, having been associated with upper respiratory disease (coryza, rhinitis, conjunctivitis) and diarrhea. This test is designed to screen for the presence of adenovirus antibody without identifying the specific agent involved.

Test Code
100

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments
B virus is common to Macca spp. where it can cause oral, ocular or genital lesions similar to herpes simplex virus 1 in humans. Once a macaque is infected it is thought to retain the virus in a latent form throughout life, with possible recurrent clinical symptoms. B virus is not naturally found in other monkey species or apes, although this may occur through exposure to infected macaques. Infection of human contacts can be fatal, however, treatment with antiviral drugs has been successful when used early in the infection.

Test Code
80487

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments

Test Code
80488

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments

Test Code
80491

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments

Test Code
80492

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments

Test Code
80496

Specimen Required
0.5-1.0 ml serum

Comments